Extruded, highly cooked, non-sticky starch products

ABSTRACT

Improved extruded starch-bearing products (e.g., starches, starch-bearing legumes, starch-bearing grains and formulations containing any of the foregoing) are provided having relatively high cook values and low cold water viscosities. The products are prepared by initial preconditioning to partially cook the starting material(s), followed by low shear extrusion cooking, with a total STE/SME ratio of at least about 4.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of identically titled applicationSer. No. 12/764,827, filed Apr. 21, 2010, which is acontinuation-in-part of identically titled application Ser. No.12/587,613, filed Oct. 8, 2009. Each of these prior applications isincorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is broadly concerned with extruded productscontaining or consisting essentially of a starch-bearing material, suchas pure starches, legumes or grains wherein the products are non-stickyand exhibit low cold water viscosities and high cook values. Moreparticularly, the invention is concerned with such products and methodsof producing the products wherein a starting material, such as astarch-bearing grain, is initially treated by heat and moisture topartially cook the material, followed by low-shear extrusion. The totalspecific thermal energy (STE) and specific mechanical energy (SME)inputs from the method give a total STE/SME ratio of at least about 4.These products have functionalities equivalent to those conventionallyproduced by batch processes

2. Description of the Prior Art

Extrusion processing of mixtures, such as human foods or animal feeds,is well known and widely practiced. In general, extrusion processing offoods involves passing a comestible formulation into and through anelongated extruder barrel equipped with one or more elongated, helicallyflighted, axially rotatable screws and an endmost restricted orificedie. Steam and/or water may be injected into the barrel during suchprocessing, and the barrel may be indirectly heated or cooled using heatexchange media. Often, the formulations are preconditioned prior toextrusion by moisturizing and heating the formulations in a specializedpreconditioner device. In general, extrusion processes provide adesirable degree of cook in the final product by a combination ofspecific mechanical energy and specific thermal energy inputs. Typicalhigh shear extruders have an STE/SME ratio of below 1, meaning that mostof the energy is in the form of SME.

Attempts have been made to produce extruded products havingstarch-bearing grain(s) as the predominant or entire fraction of thestarting ingredients. For example, corn or wheat flours have beenextruded in an effort to produce end products suitable for use asingredients in foods such as breads or the like. These efforts have notbeen successful. Instead, extruded products of this character tend to bevery sticky and difficult to work, and give a “slimy” mouth feel whenconsumed. Accordingly, such products are conventionally produced usingexpensive batch processes and not by extrusion, even though the latterwould be much less expensive.

Prior researchers have determined that the extent of shear in typicalextrusion cooking gives starch-bearing grains very high cold waterviscosities, which are one cause of the stickiness and mouth feelproblems. See, e.g., Majzoobi et al., Effect of Extrusion Cooking on theMolecular and Physical Properties of Cereal Starches, 4^(th)International Symposium on Food Rheology and Structure (2006). Inaddition, U.S. Pat. No. 6,422,135 describes a process for producingfree-gel starch products in a low shear extrusion system. However, themethods described in the '135 patent have total STE/SME ratios on theorder of 2.5-2.7, and many of the products have high cold watersolubilities. Processing according to the '135 patent is also relativelyexpensive.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention overcomes the problems outlined above and providesstarch-bearing material products, which are extrusion cooked yet do notexhibit the characteristic stickiness of prior extruded materials ofthis character. It has been discovered that such improved products maybe prepared by carefully controlling the extrusion conditions, andespecially total STE/SME ratios, to achieve both a high degree of cook(at least about 55%, more preferably from about 80-95%) together withlow cold water viscosity of up to 600 cP, and more preferably up to 350cP.

Generally speaking, the preferred extrusion conditions involve aninitial pretreatment of the starting material(s) in order to heat andmoisturize the material(s) and achieve from about 15-60% cook, morepreferably above about 30% cook. This is typically done through the useof a preconditioner upstream of an extruder; in the preconditioner, thestarting materials are blended and moisturized, normally through the useof steam/water injection and paddle agitation. The treated materials arethen passed through an extruder comprising an elongated tubular barrelwith one or more elongated, helically flighted, axially rotating screwswithin the barrel. The barrel is equipped with steam injectors along thelength thereof and an endmost restricted orifice die. Preferably, theextruder is a twin screw extruder specially designed to maximize steaminjection. It is important that the overall method be carried out tocontrol the inputs of STE and SME such that the STE/SME ratio is greaterthan about 4, and more preferably from about 4-35. Normally, significantSTE is imparted during both preconditioning and extrusion. However, thebulk of SME is imparted during extrusion, with very little SME derivedfrom preconditioning.

A variety of starch-bearing materials can be processed in accordancewith the invention. For example, starches such as those selected fromthe group consisting of rice, wheat, corn, tapioca, potato, arrowroot,arracacha, buckwheat, barley, oat, millet, rye, banana, breadfruit,canna, colacasia, katakuri, kudzu, malanga, oca, polynesian arrowroot,sago, sorghum, sweet potato, taro, pea, and mixtures thereof aresuitable. The starches may be in pure or substantially pure form, or asthe corresponding grains, flours or meals. The starches may also be innative form, or modified or derivitized by any conventional technique.The starches may further be resistant starches.

The starch-bearing material may also be selected from the legumes, e.g.,the various beans and bean flours, especially legumes selected from thegroup consisting of one or more of the following: asparagus bean orsnake bean, asparagus pea, baby lima bean, black bean, black turtlebean, Boston bean, Boston navy bean, broad bean, cannellini bean,chickpeas, chili bean, coco bean, cranberry bean, Egyptian bean,Egyptian white broad bean, English bean, fava bean, fava-coceira, fieldpea, French green beans, frijo bola roja, frijole negro, great Northernbean, green beans, green and yellow peas, kidney beans, lima bean,Madagascar bean, Mexican black bean, Mexican red bean, molasses facebean, mung bean, mung pea, mungo bean, navy bean, pea bean, Peruvianbean, pinto bean, red bean, red eye bean, red kidney bean, rice bean,runner bean, scarlet runner bean, small red bean, small white bean, soybean or soybean, wax bean, white kidney bean, and white pea bean.

A prime utility for the invention is the production of extrudedingredient products, which have the desirable non-sticky, low cold watersolubility properties. For example, grains such as corn, wheat, and ricecan be processed to give such ingredients. However, the invention isalso useful for the extrusion cooking of formulations containing enoughstarch-bearing material that stickiness is a potential problem (e.g., atleast about 25% by weight, and more usually at least about 40% by weightstarch) in the formulations. Such formulations make take the form ofhuman foods or pet feeds (e.g., dog or cat feeds). The methods of theinvention also permit production of improved end products without theneed for synthetic surfactants or emulsifiers. Thus, in preferred forms,the as-extruded products are essentially free of any such syntheticsurfactants or emulsifiers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a cooking extruder in accordancewith the invention, equipped with obliquely oriented steam injectionports and injectors;

FIG. 2 is a front end view of the cooking extruder depicted in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view taken along line 3-3 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is a vertical sectional view taken along line 4-4 of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an orthogonal resolution of thelongitudinal axis of one of the extruder barrel injection ports,illustrating the resolution components;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of a pair of intermeshed extruder screws for usein the preferred twin screw extruder of the invention;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged, fragmentary view of portions of the screws ofFIG. 6, illustrating the pitches and clearances between sections of thescrews;

FIG. 8 is a somewhat schematic plan view of a preferred preconditionerfor use with the extruder of the invention;

FIG. 9 is a front elevational view of the preconditioner of FIG. 6;

FIG. 10 is a vertical sectional view of a twin screw extruder of adifferent configuration as compared with the extruder of FIGS. 1-4,having steam injection ports and injectors located along the intermeshedregion of the extruder screws and oriented perpendicularly relative tothe longitudinal axes of the extruder screws;

FIG. 11 is a vertical sectional view taken along line of 11-11 of FIG.10.

FIG. 12 is a set of RVA viscosity curves for the corn extrusion testruns of Example 1, and a comparison RVA curve for conventionallyextruded corn, as described in Example 3;

FIG. 12A is a greatly expanded partial view of the RVA curves of FIG.12, and illustrating the region where cold water viscosities aredetermined;

FIG. 13 is a set of RVA viscosity curves for the wheat extrusion testruns of Example 2;

FIG. 13A is a greatly expanded partial view of the RVA curves of FIG.13, and illustrating the region where cold water viscosities aredetermined; and

FIG. 14 is an RVA curve for the wheat starch run of Example 4; and

FIG. 15 is a set of RVA curves for the pea flour runs of Example 4.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Preferred Extruder

Turning now to the drawing, a cooking extruder 10 in accordance with theinvention includes an elongated, tubular, multiple-section barrel 12presenting juxtaposed, intercommunicated chambers or bores 14, 16, and apair of elongated, helically flighted, axially rotatable, juxtaposed,intercalated screws 18 and 20 within the bores 14, 16. The barrel 12includes an inlet 22 and a spaced outlet 24 which communicate with thebores 14, 16. A restricted orifice die 25 is positioned across outlet 24for extrusion purposes and to assist in maintaining pressure within thebarrel 12. Additionally, the drive ends 26 of the screws 18, 20 areoperably coupled with a drive assembly (not shown) for axially rotationof the screws 18, 20, which typically includes a drive motor and gearreduction assembly.

In more detail, the barrel 12 includes, from right to left in FIGS. 1and 3, a series of tubular sections connected end-to-end by conventionalbolts or other fasteners. Specifically, the barrel 12 has an inlet head28, a first short steam restriction head 30, a first steam injectionhead 32, a second short steam restriction head 34, a mid-barreladjustable valve assembly head 36, an adjustable steam outlet head 38, asecond steam injection head 40, and third short steam restriction head42. As illustrated, each of the heads 28-34 and 38-42 is equipped withendmost, radially enlarged connection flanges 28 a-34 a and 38 a-42 a,and all of the heads 28-42 have aligned through-bores whichcooperatively form the barrel bores 14 and 16. The head 36 likewise hasthrough bores mating with those of flanges 32 a and 38 a.

The heads 32 and 40 of barrel 12 are each equipped with two series ofsteam injection ports 44 or 46, wherein each of the ports houses anelongated steam injector 48 or 50. The two series of ports 44 in head 32are located so as to respectively communicate with the bores 14 and 16of the head (see FIG. 4). Similarly, the two series of ports 46 in head40 also respectively communicate with the bores 14 and 16 of this head.

Importantly, the ports 44 and 46 are oriented at oblique angles relativeto the longitudinal axes of the corresponding bores 14 and 16. Inpractice, the ports are oriented at an angle from about 30-85 degrees,more preferably from about 30-60 degrees and most preferably about 45degrees, relative to these axes. Moreover, the ports 44, 46 arepreferably oriented in a direction toward the outlet 24. Morespecifically, and referring to FIG. 5, it will be seen that eachrepresentative port 44 presents a longitudinal axis 52. If this axis 52is orthogonally resolved into components 54 and 56, the component 54extends in a direction toward outlet 24.

The mid-barrel adjustable valve assembly head 36 is of the typedescribed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/279,379, filed Apr. 11,2006 and incorporated by reference herein. Briefly, the head 36 includesopposed, slidable, flow restriction components 58 and 60, which can beselectively adjusted toward and away from the central shafts of theextruder screws 18 and 20, so as to vary the restriction upon materialflow and thus increase pressure and shear within the extruder 10. On theother hand, the steam outlet head 38 has a steam outlet 62 with anadjustable cover 64 permitting selective escape of steam during thecourse of extrusion. In some instances, a vacuum device (not shown) canbe used in lieu of cover 64 for more effective withdrawal of steamand/or reduction in processing pressures.

Attention is next directed to FIGS. 3 and 6-7 which depict the preferredextruder screws 18 and 20. These screws are identical in configuration,are of single flight design, and are of the co-rotating variety (i.e.,the screws rotate in the same rotational direction). It will be seenthat each of the screws 18, 20 broadly includes a central shaft 66 withhelical flighting 68 projecting outwardly from the shaft 66. The screws18, 20 are specially designed and have a number of novel features. Thesefeatures are best described by a consideration of certain geometricalfeatures of the screws and their relationship to each other and to theassociated bores 14, 16. In particular, the shafts 66 have a rootdiameter R_(D) defined by the arrow 70 of FIG. 3, as well as anoutermost screw diameter S_(D) defined by the screw flighting 68 andillustrated by arrow 72. In preferred practice, the ratio S_(D)/R_(D)(the flight depth ratio) of the of the outermost screw diameter to theroot diameter is from about 1.9-2.5, and most preferably about 2.35.

The individual sections of each screw flighting 68 also have differentpitch lengths along screws 18, 20, which are important for reasonsdescribed below. Additionally, along certain sections of the screws 18,20, there are different free volumes within the bores 14, 16, i.e., thetotal bore volume in a section of the barrel 12 less the volume occupiedby the screws within that section, differs along the length of thebarrel 12.

In greater detail, each screw 18, 20 includes an inlet feed section 74,a first short pitch length restriction section 76 within head 30, afirst longer pitch length section 78 within head 32, a second shortpitch length restriction section 80 within head 34, a second longerpitch length section 82 within heads 38 and 40, and a third short pitchlength restriction section 84 within head 42. It will thus be seen thatthe pitch lengths of screw flighting 68 of screw sections 76, 80, and 84are substantially smaller than the corresponding pitch lengths of thefighting 68 of the screw sections 78 and 82. In preferred practice, thepitch lengths of screw sections 76, 80, and 84 range from about 0.25-1.0screw diameters, and are most preferably about 0.33 screw diameters. Thepitch length of 78 and 82 ranges from about 1-2 screw diameters, and aremore preferably about 1.5 screw diameters. The ratio of the longer pitchlength to the shorter pitch length preferably ranges from about 1.5-7,more preferably from about 3-6, and most preferably about 4.5. As usedherein, “screw diameter” refers to the total diameter of a screwincluding the flighting thereof as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 7.

The screws 18 and 20 also have very large flight depths as measured bysubtracting R_(D) from S_(D), and often expressed as the flight depthratio S_(D)/R_(D). This is particularly important in the long pitchsections 78 and 82, where the ratio of the pitch length to the flightdepth ratio (pitch length/S_(D)/R_(D) is from about 0.4-0.9, morepreferable from about 0.5-0.7, and most preferably about 0.638. In theshort pitch sections 76, 80 and 84, the ratio of the pitch length to theflight depth ratio is from about 0.1-0.4, more preferably from about0.15-0.3, and most preferably about 0.213.

The intermeshed longer pitch screw sections 78 and 82 of the screws 18,20 include a further unique feature, namely the very wide axial spacingor gap 86 between the respective screw sections. Preferably, this gap isfrom about 0.1-0.4 inches, more preferably from about 0.15-0.35 inches,and most preferably from about 0.236 inches. It should also be notedthat the corresponding axial spacing or gap 88 between the shorter pitchscrew sections 76 and 84 are much less, on the order of 0.039 inches.

These geometrical features are important in achieving the ends of theinvention, and specifically permit low-shear extrusion of starchmaterials, as compared with conventional extruder designs. It alsoallows incorporation of significantly greater amounts of steam into thematerial passing through extruder 10, as compared with such priordesigns. Accordingly, the extruder 10 is capable of producing highlycooked, starch-bearing products using significantly reduced SME inputs.The products manufactured using the extruder of the invention normallyhave SME inputs reduced by at least about 25%, more preferably fromabout 25-50%, as compared with conventionally extruded products.Further, the product densities may be 5-10%, and as-extruded moisturesmay be lessened by 5-15%, if desired

In preferred forms, the starch-bearing materials are cooked to a minimumlevel of about 55%, more preferably from about 60-98%, and mostpreferably from about 80-95%. As used herein, cook levels are determinedby the established procedure based upon the extent of starchgelatinization, which is fully described in the paper of Mason et al.,entitled “A New Method for Determining Degree of Cook,” presented at theAmerican Association of Cereal Chemists 67^(th) Annual Meeting, SanAntonio, Tex., Oct. 26, 1982; this paper is incorporated by referenceherein in its entirety.

Furthermore, the preferred products of the invention are produced usinglow shear extrusion methods with the input of total SME and STE, suchthat the ratio of total STE to SME is above about 4, more preferablyfrom about 4-35, and most preferably from about 8-25.

The resultant cooked products of the invention also have very low coldwater viscosities, i.e., up to about 600 cP, more preferably up to about400 cP, and most preferably up to about 350 cP. The combination ofsubstantial cook and low cold water viscosity provides extruded productswhich are the functional equivalent of conventionally produced cookedproducts, and particularly starch-bearing grains. In order to ascertainthe cold water viscosity, an RVA (Rapid Viscoamylograph Analyzer) isemployed, such as an RV4 analyzer from Newport Scientific. As usedherein, “cold water viscosity” refers to an analysis carried out byplacing 3.5 g (dry basis) of the extruded product into 25 g of water, sothat the total dry solids concentration is 12.3%. This material isplaced in the RVA analyzer with a cold temperature set at 25° C. with apaddle speed of 160 rpm. The RVA analysis proceeds at this temperatureand paddle speed for a period of time until complete hydration of thesample is achieved. This time is variable depending upon the type ofstarch-bearing product being tested. For example, corn may require up to10 minutes of time, whereas wheat may require only 3 minutes. In anycase, during the analysis period, the RVA analyzer generates a curve oftime versus viscosity (cP), and after the run is complete, the maximumcold water viscosity is determined from the curve.

In practice, the restriction heads 30 and 34, and 34 and 42, togetherwith the short pitch length screw section 76, 80 and 84 therein,cooperatively create steam flow restriction zones which inhibit thepassage of injected steam past these zones. As such, the zones are aform of steam locks. Additionally, provision of the heads 32, 38, and 40with the longer pitch length screw sections 78 and 82 therein, betweenthe restriction zones, creates steam injection zones allowing injectionof greater quantities of steam than heretofore possible. The longerpitch screw sections 78 and 82 result in decreased barrel fill (notnecessarily greater free volume), and thus create steam injection zones.An examination of the screws 18, 20 stopped under normal processingconditions reveals that the screw sections 76 and 80 are completely fullof material, whereas the longer pitch screw sections 78 and 82 are onlypartially full. The orientation of the injection ports 44 and 46, andthe corresponding injectors 48 and 50 therein, further enhances theincorporation of steam into the material passing through extruder 10.

The longer pitch screw sections 78 and 82 generate excellent conveyanceof materials and incomplete fill of material, allowing for the unusuallyhigh level of steam injection. Moreover, the combination of the longerpitch lengths and very wide gap 86 create increased leakage flowresulting in gentle kneading of the moistened material within thesesections, particularly at relatively high screw speeds of up to 900 rpm.During wet mixing or kneading of steam and water into the material beingprocessed, low shear conditions are maintained, and the material canpass forwardly and rearwardly through the gap 86. At the same time, thegap 86 is small enough to create the desired distributive mixing ofsteam and water into the material.

This combination of factors within extruder 10 allows low-shearextrusion of starch-bearing materials with the high total STE/SME ratiosand high cook values described above. Stated otherwise, processing ofstarchy products using extruder 10 relies to a greater extent upon STEto achieve high cook, and to a lesser extent upon SME. Conventionally,only about 3-5% steam may be injected, based upon the total dry weightof the material being processed taken as 100% by weight. As used herein,“dry weight” refers to the weight of the ingredient(s) making up thematerial without added water but including ingredient native water.Attempts to inject greater amounts of steam in conventional extrudersnormally results in the excess steam simply passing backwardly throughthe extruder and exiting the barrel inlet. However, in the presentinvention, in excess of 6% by weight steam may be successfully injectedwithout undue injected steam loss, based upon total weight of drymaterial within the barrel 12 at any instance taken as 100% by weight.More particularly, testing has shown that up to about 15% by weightsteam may be injected, but this limit is primarily based upon steaminjection capacities and not any limitations upon the ability of theextruder to accept excess steam. Broadly therefore, the inventionpermits introduction of from about 7-25% by weight steam, morepreferably from about 10-18% by weight, and most preferably from about11-15% by weight.

The invention is especially adapted for the low-shear production of awide variety of starch-bearing grain products. For example,starch-bearing grains such as corn, wheat, sorghum, oats, rice andmixtures thereof can be processed with little or no surfactant to yieldcooked, low cold water viscosity end products suitable for use asingredients in complete food products such as breads and the like. Theseingredient products are at least the equal of conventionally producedgrains, but can be manufactured at a significantly reduced cost.Moreover, such extruded products have very little or essentially nostickiness which has characterized previous extruded grain products ofthese types. In addition, the extruders of the invention can be used toproduce complete feeds incorporating starch-bearing grains, such as petfeeds (e.g., dog and cat feeds) and aquatic feeds (e.g., floating,slow-sinking, and fast-sinking feeds for fish or other aquaticcreatures).

In the production of extruded starch-bearing products per se or whereinthe starch-bearing product is a significant fraction of a formulation,typical extrusion conditions would be: barrel retention time from about5 to 90 seconds, more preferably from about 10 to 60 seconds; maximumbarrel temperature from about 80 to 220° C., more preferably from about100 to 140° C.; maximum pressure within the barrel, from about 100 to1000 psi, more preferably from about 250 to 600 psi; total specificenergy inputs of from about 200 to 700 kJ/kg, more preferably from about300 to 550 kJ/kg, and STE/SME ratios as described above. In the case ofcomplete human foods or animal feeds a broad range of conditions may beemployed based upon the nature of the product, but generally theextrusion conditions should be: barrel retention time from about 10 to60 seconds, more preferably from about 20 to 50 seconds; maximum barreltemperature from about 90 to 200° C., more preferably from about 110 to140° C.; maximum pressure within the barrel, from about 100 to 1000 psi,more preferably from about 200 to 450 psi; total specific energy inputsof from about 300 to 800 kJ/kg, more preferably from about 550 to 700kJ/kg, and STE/SME ratios as described above.

It will also be understood that the extent of expansion of a givenextrudate can greatly influence the amount of total energy inputrequired for production of the product. Thus, a highly expanded productof low density often requires a significantly greater total energy inputthan otherwise identical products having no or insignificant expansion.Therefore, the contribution of SME to the total energy input wouldusually be increased in highly expanded products, as compared withdenser products.

Although the extruder 10 illustrated in the Figures includes the use ofan adjustable valve assembly head 36 and steam outlet head 38, the useof such heads is not required. The head 36 can advantageously be used asa further restriction against steam loss, and the head 38 can be used ininstances where mid-barrel steam venting is desired, e.g., where denserproducts are desired. Further, although not shown, the extruder barrelmay be equipped with external jackets for introduction of heat exchangemedia to indirectly heat or cool the material passing through theextruders.

Preferred Preconditioner

Turning next to FIGS. 6-7, a preferred preconditioner 90 is depicted.This preconditioner is fully illustrated and described in US PatentPublication No. 2008/0094939, incorporated by reference herein. Broadly,the preconditioner 90 includes an elongated mixing vessel 92 with a pairof parallel, elongated, axially-extending mixing shafts 94 and 96 withinand extending along the length thereof. The shafts 94, 96 are operablycoupled with individual variable drive devices 98 and 100, the latter inturn connected with digital control device 102. The preconditioner 90 ispositioned upstream of extruder 10, such that the output from thepreconditioner is directed in to the outlet 22 of extruder barrel 12.

In more detail, the vessel 92 has an elongated, transversely arcuatesidewall 104 presenting a pair of elongated, juxtaposed,intercommunicated chambers 106 and 108, as well as a material inlet 110and a material outlet 112. The chamber 108 has a larger cross-sectionalarea than the adjacent chamber 106. The sidewall 104 has access doors114 and is also equipped with injection assemblies 116 for injection ofwater and/or steam into the confines of vessel 92 during use of thepreconditioner, and a vapor outlet 118. The opposed ends of vessel 92have end plates 120 and 122, as shown.

Each of the shafts 94, 96 extends the full length of the correspondingchambers 106, 108 along the center line thereof, and has a plurality ofradially outwardly extending paddle-type mixing elements (not shown)which are designed to agitate and mix material fed to thepreconditioner, and to convey the material from inlet 110 towards andout outlet 112. The mixing elements on each shaft 94, 96 are axiallyoffset relative to the elements on the adjacent shaft. Moreover, themixing elements are intercalated (i.e., the elements on shaft 94 extendinto the cylindrical operational envelope presented by shaft 94 and theelements thereon, and vice versa). The mixing elements may be orientedsubstantially perpendicularly to the shafts 94, 96. In otherembodiments, the mixing elements may be adjusted in both length andpitch, at the discretion of the user.

The drives 98 and 100 are in the illustrated embodiment identical interms of hardware, and each includes a drive motor 124, a gear reducer126, and coupling assembly 128 serving to interconnect the correspondinggear reducer 126 and motor 124 with a shaft 94 or 96. The drives 98 and100 also preferably have variable frequency drives 130 which aredesigned to permit selective, individual rotation of the shafts 94, 96in terms of speed and/or rotational direction independently of eachother. In order to provide appropriate control for the drives 98 and100, the drives 130 are each coupled between a corresponding motor 124and a control device 132. The control device 132 may be a controller,processor, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or any othertype of digital or analog device capable of executing logicalinstructions. The device may even be a personal or server computer suchas those manufactured and sold by Dell, Compaq, Gateway, or any othercomputer manufacturer, network computers running Windows NT, NovelNetware, Unix, or any other network operating system. The drives 130 maybe programmed as desired to achieve the ends of the invention, e.g.,they may be configured for different rotational speed ranges, rotationaldirections (i.e., either in a forward (F) direction serving to move theproduct toward the outlet of vessel 92, or in a reverse (R) directionmoving the product backwardly to give more residence time in the vessel)and power ratings.

In preferred forms, the preconditioner 90 is supported on a weighingdevice in the form of a plurality of load cells 134, which are alsooperatively coupled with control device 132. The use of load cells 134permits rapid, on-the-go variation in the retention time of materialpassing through vessel 92, as described in detail in U.S. Pat. No.6,465,029, incorporated by reference herein.

The use of the preferred variable frequency drive mechanisms 98, 100 andcontrol device 132 allow high-speed adjustments of the rotational speedsof the shafts 94, 96 to achieve desired preconditioning while avoidingany collisions between the intermeshed mixing elements supported on theshafts 94, 96. In general, the control device 132 and the coupled drives130 communicate with each drive motor 124 to control the shaft speeds.Additionally, the shafts 94, 96 can be rotated in different or the samerotational directions at the discretion of the operator. Generally, theshaft 94 is rotated at a speed greater than that of the shaft 96.

Retention times for material passing through preconditioner 90 can becontrolled manually by adjusting shaft speed and/or direction, or, morepreferably, automatically through control device 132. Weight informationfrom the load cells 134 is directed to control device 132, which in turnmakes shaft speed and/or directional changes based upon a desiredretention time.

The preconditioner 90 is commonly used for the processing of animal feedor human food materials, such as grains (e.g., wheat, corn, oats, soy),meat and meat by-products, and various additives (e.g., surfactants,vitamins, minerals, colorants). Starch products are at least partiallygelatinized and cooked during passage through the preconditioner;advantageously, the cook value off of the preconditioner should be atleast about 15%, more preferably from about 15-45%, and most preferablyfrom about 25-40%. The preconditioner 10 is usually operated attemperatures of from about 100-212° F., residence times of from about 30seconds-5 minutes, and at atmospheric or slightly above pressures.

The drive arrangement for the preconditioner 90 has the capability ofrotating the shafts 94, 96 at infinitely variable speeds of up to about1,000 rpm, more preferably from about 200-900 rpm. Moreover, theoperational flexibility of operation inherent in the preconditionerdesign allows for greater levels of cook (i.e., starch gelatinization)as compared with similarly sized conventional preconditioners.

As noted, it is important in the methods of the invention to havecontrolled inputs of STE and SME throughout the method, so that theratio of total STE (from preconditioning and extrusion) to total SME(from preconditioning and extrusion) is at least about 4, and preferablygreater. As also mentioned, SME input from the preconditioner is verysmall in comparison with that of the extruder, and preconditioner SMEmay normally be ignored.

The STE from the preconditioner steam and water injections arecalculated as set forth in paragraphs 1 and 2 below, whereas thecorresponding STE values in the extruder are calculated as indicated inparagraphs 3 and 4. The total thermal energy is calculated in accordancewith Equation 5 as the simple addition of the energies from paragraphs1-4, and STE is calculated in accordance with paragraph 6.

Preconditioner thermal energy from steam,

$Q_{sp}\left( \frac{kJ}{hr} \right)$Q _(sp) =h _(sp) ·{dot over (m)} _(sp)  Equation 1

-   -   h_(sp)-enthalpy of steam, found in a steam table    -   {dot over (m)}_(sp)—mass flow of steam to preconditioner

$h_{sp} = {2721\left( \frac{kJ}{kg} \right)\left( {30\mspace{14mu} {psi}} \right)}$

2. Preconditioner thermal energy from water,

$Q_{wp}\left( \frac{kJ}{hr} \right)$Q _(wp) ={dot over (m)} _(wp) ·C _(pw) ·T _(w)  Equation 2

-   -   C_(pw)—Specific heat of water,

$4.187\left( \frac{kJ}{{kg{^\circ}}\mspace{14mu} {C.}} \right)$

-   -   T_(w)—Temperature of water in ° C.    -   {dot over (m)}_(sp)—mass flow of water to preconditioner

3. Extruder thermal energy from steam,

$Q_{se}\left( \frac{kJ}{hr} \right)$Q _(se) =h _(se) ·{dot over (m)} _(se)  Equation 3

-   -   h_(Se)—enthalpy of steam, found in a steam table

$h_{se} = {2770\left( \frac{kJ}{kg} \right)\left( {100\mspace{14mu} {psi}} \right)}$

-   -   {dot over (m)}_(se)—mass flow of steam to extruder

4. Extruder thermal energy from water,

$Q_{we}\left( \frac{kJ}{hr} \right)$

Q _(we) ={dot over (m)} _(we) ·C _(we) ·T _(w)  Equation 4

-   -   C_(pw)—Specific heat of water,

$4.187\left( \frac{kJ}{{kg{^\circ}}\mspace{14mu} {C.}} \right)$

-   -   T_(w)-Temperature of water in ° C.    -   {dot over (m)}_(we)—mass flow of water to extruder

5. Total Thermal Energy,

$Q_{te}\left( \frac{kJ}{hr} \right)$Q _(te) =Q _(sp) +Q _(wp) +Q _(se) +Q _(we)  Equation 5

6. Specific Thermal Energy,

$S\; T\; {E\left( \frac{kJ}{kg} \right)}$

${S\; T\; E} = \frac{Q_{te}}{{\overset{.}{m}}_{e}}$

-   -   {dot over (m)}_(e)—mass flow of dry material entering extruder        in kg/hr        STE values are normally calculated as kJ/kg.

SME values may be determined by direct load measurements of the extrudermotor, or may be calculated using the art-recognized formula

${S\; M\; E} = \frac{P*\tau*\frac{{RPM}_{act}}{{RPM}_{rated}}}{\overset{.}{m}}$

where:

-   -   P=Motor power, expressed in kW    -   τ=Motor Load or Torque, expressed as a decimal expression of the        rated power. Strictly speaking, this should be the running        torque minus the torque when the extruder is running empty.    -   RPM_(act)=the actual RPM of the extruder    -   RPM_(rated)=the rated RPM of the extruder, that is to say the        extruder RPM when the motor is running at its rated speed (rated        motor speed/gear ratio in the gearbox or speed reduction in the        pulley drive system)    -   {dot over (m)}=the mass flow rate of the system (kg/sec).        SME values are normally recorded in kW-hr/metric ton.

In order to determine the total STE/SME ratio, it is necessary to equatethe SME units of kW-hr/metric ton to the STE units of kJ/kg. Thisinvolves application of a conversion factor of 3.6, again as well knownin the art.

The following examples set forth the preferred apparatus and methods inaccordance with the invention. It is to be understood, however, thatthese examples are provided by way of illustration and nothing thereinshould be taken as a limitation upon the overall scope of the invention.

Example 1

In this series of tests, commercially available ground corn was extrudedusing the equipment described above and illustrated in FIGS. 1-10, butwithout the adjustable valve 36 or outlet head 38. In all of the runs,the ground corn had a moisture content of 13.1% wb and a temperature of20° C. The water added to the preconditioner had a temperature of 25°C.; no water was added to the extruder barrel. The smaller diameter sideof the preconditioner was operated at 650 rpm in a reverse direction,whereas the larger diameter side was operated at 50 rpm in a forwarddirection. The extruder shaft speed in all cases was 500 rpm. SME valueswere determined by a direct load measurement from the extruder motor.The cook values were determined as described above.

The RVA curves for this set of runs are set forth in FIG. 12. The RVAprofile used for these runs was:

Time (min) Temperature (° C.) Paddle Speed (rpm) 0 25 160 10 25 160 1595 160 18 95 160 23 25 160 25 25 160Each profile was generated using 3.5 grams of dry solids of the finalextruded product mixed in 25 ml (or g) of water. The total dry solidsconcentration was thus 12.3% (3.5 g/28.5 g). The first 10 minutes ofeach run gave the maximum cold water viscosity for the product.

The following Table 1 sets forth the preconditioning and extrusionconditions for all runs. The products all exhibited low or essentiallyno stickiness, and the STE/SME ratios ranged from 5-23.

TABLE 1 RUN NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PRECONDITIONING INFORMATION SteamFlow to P/C (kg/hr) 113 115 126 127 120 117 110 113 Water Flow to P/C(kg/hr) 165 165 165 65 65 168 169 162 P/C Discharge Temp (° C.) 79 80 8293 89 77 79 92 P/C Discharge Moisture (% wb) 24.99 25.18 24.62 21.6320.01 25.36 24.87 24.17 P/C Weight (kg) 100 102 99 94 95 107 109 96 P/CRetention Time (min) 3.70 3.80 3.60 3.60 3.70 3.90 3.90 3.90 EXTRUSIONINFORMATION Extruder Power Used (kW) 12.9 10.2 12.9 9.7 11.6 15.9 1111.8 Steam Flow to Extruder (kg/hr) 0 84 160 161 80 0 84 157 ExtruderDischarge Moisture (% wb) 27.56 29.28 28.52 23.16 21.87 26.48 27.5 27.93Extruder Discharge Temp (° C.) 100 110 116 128 130 99 111 116 OffExtruder Cook (%) 64.6 80.8 95.3 92.5 89.0 57.5 85.7 96.5 Max. ColdWater Viscosity (cP) 34 94 655 704 209 64 108 589 Sticky No No ModerateModerate No No No Slightly PRECONDITIONER CALCULATED CONDITIONS ProductMass Flow in P/C (kg/hr) 1642 1644 1655 1556 1549 1649 1643 1639 ThermalEnergy Added in P/C (kJ/hr) 325267 330992 359213 353222 332780 335942315922 324110 STE in P/C (kJ/kg)¹ 276 280 300 296 281 283 269 275 P/CDischarge Energy (kJ/hr) 291510 295973 318284 309737 293744 300083284202 290535 Calculated P/C Discharge Temp (° C.) 79 80 85 93 89 81 7779 EXTRUDER CALCULATED CONDITIONS Total Energy (kJ/hr) 337950 565373807924 790627 557104 357323 556482 767905 Calculated Moist. in ExtruderBarrel (% wb) 27.8 31.4 34.7 30.9 27.3 28.1 31.3 34 STE in ExtruderBarrel (kJ/kg)¹ 238 413 588 586 406 246 402 556 SME (kW-hr/mton) 9.5 7.59.5 7.1 8.5 11.7 8.1 8.7 Total Specific Energy (kJ/kg)¹ 248 414 592 580408 262 408 563 STE/SME Ratio 7 15 17 23 13 6 14 18 Temp at Die (° C.)92 140 183 198 153 96 138 177 RUN NUMBER 9 10 11 12 13 14 15PRECONDITIONING INFORMATION Steam Flow to P/C (kg/hr) 116 109 113 121 26307 252 Water Flow to P/C (kg/hr) 0 165 164 164 280 383 252 P/CDischarge Temp (° C.) 92 77 79 83 84 88 89 P/C Discharge Moisture (% wb)16.24 24.33 24.42 24.5 24.73 24.59 21.27 P/C Weight (kg) 96 109 119 110122 134 129 P/C Retention Time (mm) 3.90 4.10 4.00 4.10 2.80 2.00 2.10EXTRUSION INFORMATION Extruder Power Used (kW) 13 19.2 14 12 16.5 26.927 Steam Flow to Extruder (kg/hr) 157 0 86 157 141 205 205 Process WaterTemp (° C.) 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 Extruder Discharge Moisture (% wb)20.61 26.53 28.16 28.77 27.38 26.52 24.30 Extruder Discharge Temp (° C.)136 86 88 94 95 96 106 Off Extruder Cook (%) 94.0 66.5 88.9 95.8 90.694.2 97.6 Maximum Cold Water Viscosity (cP) 1007 47 147 344 212 381 600Sticky Moderate No No Slightly No Slightly Slightly PRECONDITIONERCALCULATED CONDITIONS Product Mass Flow in P/C (kg/hr) 1480 1638 16411649 2758 3871 3685 Thermal Energy Added in P/C (kJ/hr) 315110 314475324998 347235 590624 876214 712070 STE in P/C (kJ/kg)¹ 268 268 275 292297 312 261 P/C Discharge Energy (kJ/hr) 277049 282814 291322 308692524329 772647 638705 Calculated P/C Discharge Temp (° C.) 92 77 79 83 8488 80 EXTRUDER CALCULATED CONDITIONS Thermal Energy in Extruder Barrel(kJ/hr) 711939 282814 529542 743582 914899 1340498 1206555 Total Energy(kJ/hr) 758739 351934 579942 784982 974299 1437337 1303755 CalculatedMoisture in Extruder Barrel (% wb) 27.6 27.6 31.4 34.3 31.9 32.2 29.0STE in Extruder Barrel (kJ/kg)¹ 550 231 413 573 432 454 402 SME(kW-hr/mton) 9.5 14.1 10.3 8.8 7.3 8.5 8.5 Total Specific Energy (kJ/kg)556 258 425 577 429 452 410 STE/SME Ratio 16 5 11 18 17 15 13 Temp atDie (° C.) 207 96 143 180 143 149 147 ¹All specific energies arecalculated on an as-is dry recipe basis, i.e., the amount of specificenergy per kilogram of the dry recipe ingredients per hour

Example 2

In this series of tests, commercially available wheat flour was extrudedusing the equipment described in Example 1. In all of the runs, theflour had a moisture content of 11.83% wb and a temperature of 20° C.The water added to the preconditioner had a temperature of 25° C.; nowater was added to the extruder barrel. The extruder shaft speed in allcases was 400 rpm. The cook values were determined as described above.

The RVA curves for this set of runs are set forth in FIG. 13. The RVAprofile used for these runs was:

Time (min) Temperature (° C.) Paddle Speed (rpm) 0 25 160 3 25 160 8 95160 11 95 160 16 25 160 20 25 160Each profile was generated using 3.5 grams of dry solids of the finalextruded product mixed in 25 ml (or g) of water. The total dry solidsconcentration was thus 12.3% (3.5 g/28.5 g). The first 3 minutes of eachrun gave the maximum cold water viscosity of the product.

The following Table 2 sets forth the preconditioning and extrusionconditions for all runs. The products all exhibited low or essentiallyno stickiness, and the STE/SME ratios ranged from 8-32.

TABLE 2 RUN NUMBER 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 PRECONDITIONINGINFORMATION Smaller Diameter Side 450 R 450 R 450 R 450 R 800 R 800 R800 R 900 R 900 R 900 R (rpm/direction) Larger Diameter Side 250 F 250 F150 F 150 F  50 F  50 F  50 F  35 F  35 F  35 F (rpm/direction) SteamFlow to P/C 108 123 124 124 125 125 124 125 124 126 (kg/hr) Water Flowto P/C 182 270 270 270 269 269 270 270 270 270 (kg/hr) P/C DischargeTemp (° C.) 65.6 70.0 72.2 73.9 76.7 77.2 79.4 81.1 81.7 82.2 P/CDischarge Moisture 24.31 27.17 27.75 27.68 29.87 27.27 28.95 27.96 28.6828.42 (% wb) P/C Weight (kg) 26.8 27.3 45.5 45.5 95.5 98.6 100.5 120.9118.2 90.9 P/C Retention Time (min) 0.96 0.92 1.52 1.53 3.15 3.16 3.424.01 3.96 4.10 EXTRUSION INFORMATION Extruder Power Used (kW) 10.8 8.328.09 6.2 5.96 5.19 5.5 6.9 5.5 6.2 Steam Flow to Extruder 0 0 0 85 0 82123 0 85 123 (kg/hr) Extruder Discharge 25.56 30.71 29.88 32.55 30.7634.3 32.09 30.57 31.41 32.09 Moisture (% wb) Extruder Discharge 87.887.8 87.8 102.2 87.4 104.4 114.4 110.0 108.3 105.6 Temp (° C.) OffExtruder Cook Value (%) 54.2 60.9 62.5 87.4 73.0 91.9 95.8 78.0 92.797.8 PRECONDITIONER CALCULATED CONDITIONS Product Mass Flow in P/C 16541757 1758 1759 1758 1757 1759 1759 1759 1760 (kg/hr) STE in P/C (kJ/kg)¹266 302 304 305 305 305 305 306 305 308 P/C Discharge Energy 281270322780 324515 325509 326166 326495 325509 326335 325509 329489 (kJ/hr)Calculated P/C Discharge 76 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 78 80 Temp (° C.)EXTRUDER CALCULATED CONDITIONS Total Energy (kJ/hr) 320072 352715 353183584552 347223 571664 688523 351202 580759 691777 Calculated Moisture in27.3 31.6 31.6 34.8 31.6 34.6 36.1 31.6 34.8 36.2 Extruder Barrel (% wb)STE in Extruder Barrel 230 266 267 442 269 435 518 269 441 521 (kJ/kg)¹SME (kW-hr/mton) 7.9 6.1 5.8 5.1 4.3 3.87 4.0 5.1 4.0 4.5 Total SpecificEnergy (kJ/kg)¹ 235 259 259 429 255 419 503 257 426 507 STE/SME Ratio 812 13 27 17 32 36 15 30 32 Temp at Die (° C.) 87 86 86 130 84 128 148 85129 149 ¹All specific energies are calculated on an as-is dry recipebasis, i.e., the amount of specific energy per kilogram of the dryrecipe ingredients per hour

Example 3

In this comparative example, ground corn was extruded in a conventionalhigh-shear extruder with an upstream Wenger DDC preconditioner of thetype illustrated and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,752,139. The followingTable 3 sets forth the conditions for this run.

TABLE 3 RUN NUMBER 26 DRY RECIPE INFORMATION Dry Recipe Moisture Content(% wb) 10 Dry Recipe Temp (° C.) 20 Dry Recipe Rate (kg/hr) 180PRECONDITIONING INFORMATION Steam Flow to P/C (kg/hr) 4.4 Water Flow toP/C (kg/hr) 8 Process Water Temp (° C.) 20 Recorded P/C Discharge Temp(° C.) 51 EXTRUSION INFORMATION Extruder Shaft Speed (rpm) 321 MotorLoad (%) 60 Water Flow to Extruder (kg/hr) 2.1 Process Water Temp (° C.)20 Extruder Motor Power (hp) 50 Rated Shaft Speed (rpm) 508PRECONDITIONER CALCULATED CONDITIONS Calculated Moisture in P/C (% wb)15.8 Product Mass Flow in P/C (kg/hr) 192 Thermal Energy Added in P/C(kJ/hr) 12521 Total Thermal Energy in P/C (kJ/hr) 18889 STE in P/C(kJ/kg)¹ 105 P/C Discharge Energy (kJ/hr) 18885 Calculated P/C DischargeTemp (° C.) 51 EXTRUDER CALCULATED CONDITIONS Mass Flow in Extruder(kg/hr) 194 Thermal Energy in Extruder Barrel (kJ/hr) 19060 ExtruderMotor Power (kW) 37.3 Total Mechanical Energy (kJ/hr) 50910 Total Energy(kJ/hr) 69970 Calculated Moisture in Extruder Barrel (% wb) 16.7 STE inExtruder Barrel (kJ/kg)¹ 71 SME (kW-hr/mton) 79 Total Specific Energy(kJ/kg)¹ 150 STE/SME Ratio 0.25 Temp at Die (° C.) 185

The product from this run was very sticky and difficult to handle. Itwould not be a commercially acceptable product.

A review of the foregoing Examples and FIGS. 12, 12A, 13, and 13Aconfirms that the extrusion systems of the invention are capable ofproducing cooked, non-sticky, low cold water viscosity end productswhich are in every way the equal of conventional products of the sameclass. The cold water viscosities of the products of the invention aresignificantly lower than that of the high shear (HS) comparative productof Example 3 (see FIG. 12A). These effects are achieved through initialpartial cooking in the preconditioner, followed by extrusion withmaintenance of desirable STE/SME ratios during the course of processing.Detailed photographs of the end products of the invention demonstratethat the starch content thereof retains a measure of the characteristicstarch granule structure, believed to be a key reason for the attributesof these products.

Example 4

In this Example, a series of runs #27-30 were performed, using pea flour(runs #27-29) and substantially pure wheat starch (run #30). Theextruded products were prepared in accordance with the invention, usingthe equipment described in Example 1, namely a Wenger Thermal TwinExtruder and a Wenger 450 L HIP Preconditioner. The wheat starch was acommercially available product. At the conclusion of these test runs,the wheat starch product from run 30 was subjected to an RVA analysis,as illustrated in FIG. 14, and the pea flour products were likewiseanalyzed, as set forth in FIG. 15.

The extruded wheat starch product had a very low maximum viscosity ofabout 338 cP, which was substantially greater than the pea flour runs#27-29, which exhibited maximum viscosities of 47-65 cP. The productswere adequately cooked, non-sticky, and commercially acceptable. Thedata from these runs is set forth in Table 4, below.

TABLE 4 Run Number 27 28 29 30 Product Pea Pea Pea Wheat Flour FlourFlour Starch DRY RECIPE PARAMETERS Dry Recipe Moisture Content (% wb)11.78 11.78 11.78 11.12 Dry Recipe Temperature (° C.) 15.5 15.5 15.515.5 Dry Recipe Rate (kg/hr) 1364 1364 1364 1364 PRECONDITIONERPARAMETERS Small Side (rpm/rot) 640 R 640 R 640 R 640 R Large Side(rpm/rot)  80 F  80 F  80 F  80 F Steam Flow to Preconditioner (kg/hr)127 127 127 127 Water Flow to Preconditioner (kg/hr) 277 280 280 277Process Water Temperature (° C.) 10 10 10 10 Preconditioner DischargeTemperature 75 76 71 80 (Thermocouple) (° C.) Preconditioner DischargeTemperature (Cup) (° C.) 74 76 72 81 Preconditioner Weight (kg) 75.575.5 72.3 96.4 Preconditioner Retention Time (screen) (min) 2.57 2.562.44 3.08 EXTRUDER BARREL PARAMETERS Extruder Shaft Speed (rpm) 500 500500 500 Motor Load (%) 40 44 24 37 Power Used (Power Meter) (kW) 29 3015 30 Steam Flow to Extruder (kg/hr) 88 114 159 118 Water Flow toExtruder (kg/hr) 0 0 0 0 Process Water Temperature (° C.) 10 10 10 10Number of Inserts (0.312 dia) 10 10 10 10 PRODUCT PROPERTIESPreconditioner Discharge Moisture (% wb) 31.58 30.81 29.92 29.13Extruder Discharge Moisture (% wb) 31.84 31.85 32.9 31.61 ExtruderDischarge Temperature (° C.) 105 105 OE Cook (%) 81.4 92.8 91.7 97.4Maximum Cold Water Viscosity (cP) 47 53 65 338 PRECONDITIONERCALCULATIONS Calculated Moisture in Preconditioner (% wb) 31.9 32.1 32.131.4 Product Mass Flow in Preconditioner (kg/hr) 1768 1771 1771 1768Thermal Energy Added in Preconditioner (kJ/hr) 357165 357291 357291357165 Total Thermal Energy in Preconditioner (kJ/hr) 395580 395706395706 395199 Specific Thermal Energy in Preconditioner (as is) 224 223223 224 (kJ/kg) Preconditioner Discharge Energy (kJ/hr) 338375 338556338556 337752 Calculated Preconditioner Discharge Temperature 81.2 80.980.9 81.5 (° C.) EXTRUDER BARREL CALCULATIONS Thermal Energy in ExtruderBarrel (kJ/hr) 582135 654336 778986 664612 Total Mechanical Energy(kJ/hr) 110367 121404 66220 102090 Total Energy (kJ/hr) 686535 762336832986 772612 Calculated Moisture in Extruder Barrel (% wb) 35.1 36.237.7 35.7 Specific Mechanical Energy (as-is dry recipe) (kW- 21.3 22.011.0 22.0 hr/mton) Specific Thermal Energy (as-is dry recipe) (kJ/kg)441 493 585 501 Thermal Energy to Mechanical Energy Ratio 5.8 6.2 14.86.3 Total Specific Energy (kJ/kg) 503 559 611 566 Calculated TemperatureBehind Die (° C.) 151 164 172 167

1. An extruded product including therein a starch-bearing material, saidproduct produced by extrusion cooking said material with specificthermal energy and specific mechanical energy inputs, the ratio ofspecific thermal energy to specific mechanical energy being at leastabout 4, said product having a cold water viscosity of up to about 600cP and a cook value of at least about 55%.
 2. The product of claim 1,said material selected from the group consisting of starch,starch-bearing legumes, starch-bearing grains, and mixtures thereof. 3.The product of claim 2, said starch selected from the group consistingof pure, substantially pure, modified, derivitized, and/or resistantstarches.
 4. The product of claim 3, said starches selected from thegroup consisting of rice, wheat, corn, tapioca, potato, arrowroot,arracacha, buckwheat, barley, oat, millet, rye, banana, breadfruit,canna, colacasia, katakuri, kudzu, malanga, oca, polynesian arrowroot,sago, sorghum, sweet potato, taro, pea, and mixtures thereof.
 5. Theproduct of claim 2, said starch-bearing legume selected from the groupconsisting of asparagus bean or snake bean, asparagus pea, baby limabean, black bean, black turtle bean, Boston bean, Boston navy bean,broad bean, cannellini bean, chickpeas, chili bean, coco bean, cranberrybean, Egyptian bean, Egyptian white broad bean, English bean, fava bean,fava-coceira, field pea, French green beans, frijo bola roja, frijolenegro, great Northern bean, green beans, green and yellow peas, kidneybeans, lima bean, Madagascar bean, Mexican black bean, Mexican red bean,molasses face bean, mung bean, mung pea, mungo bean, navy bean, peabean, Peruvian bean, pinto bean, red bean, red eye bean, red kidneybean, rice bean, runner bean, scarlet runner bean, small red bean, smallwhite bean, soy bean or soybean, wax bean, white kidney bean, and whitepea bean.
 6. The product of claim 1, said product having a cold waterviscosity of up to about 350 cP and a cook value of about 80-95%.
 7. Theproduct of claim 1, said starch-bearing material being treated bymoisturizing and heating the material in a preconditioner to achieve acook value of from about 15-60%, prior to said extrusion cooking.
 8. Theproduct of claim 1, said material being a part of a formulation.
 9. Theproduct of claim 8, said formulation being a pet food.
 10. The productof claim 1, said product as extruded being essentially free of syntheticsurfactant or emulsifying agent.